Preparing the published article.
CE, UL and local certification: what differs
Certification is a liability allocation, not a sticker.
CE
EU directives plus harmonised standards; the manufacturer self-declares and keeps a technical file covering machinery and EMC directives.
UL / NRTL
North America emphasises third-party listing and field inspection across electrical, fire and industrial control requirements.
Local schemes
Some markets require a local agent and type testing; add lead time and cost to your quotation model.
Method note: no vendor endorsement. Where public sources are cited, verify against the publisher's original text.