Preparing the published article.
Scheduling a project: five milestones
A milestone plan beats a single end date.
Milestones
Concept freeze, sample build, on-site installation, pilot validation, production handover.
Common overruns
Fixture design and fabrication, on-site electrical and piping work, and MES/WMS interfacing.
Buffer
Keep 15-20% buffer and place it at the commissioning stage rather than spreading it evenly.
Method note: no vendor endorsement. Where public sources are cited, verify against the publisher's original text.