Preparing the published article.
How to Split a Robotics Project Budget
A cost breakdown that makes overruns visible before they happen.
Suggested breakdown
Equipment and components, integration and installation, fixtures and tooling, software and licences, training, spare parts, and a contingency of 5 to 10 percent.
Costs that are easy to miss
Production downtime, line modifications, utility and layout changes, and ongoing maintenance.
Practice
Split the budget by phase (design, procurement, implementation, acceptance) so spending can be tracked against milestones.